Headphones are no longer an occasional accessory—they’re part of daily life. From early-morning podcasts to late-night playlists, our ears are spending more time under acoustic load than ever before. But a question keeps coming up in clinics, classrooms, and conversations around ear health: Are earbuds worse for your hearing than over-ear headphones? Let’s move beyond opinion and aesthetics. By looking at sound pressure levels , hygiene , and long-term listening behaviour , we can reach a clear, evidence-informed conclusion. 1. Sound Pressure Levels: Distance Matters More Than You Think The single most important factor in headphone-related hearing risk is the amount of sound energy that reaches the inner ear . Earbuds (In-Ear Headphones) Sit millimetres from the eardrum Deliver sound directly into the ear canal Require lower absolute power , but often result in higher sound pressure at the cochlea Users tend to increase volume in noisy environments (commuting, g...
Understanding Refractory Chronic Cough: What You Need to
Know
Have you ever faced a cough that simply refuses to subside?
While most coughs resolve independently, some persist for an
unacceptable length of time—weeks, months, or even years. This condition is
known as refractory chronic cough (RCC), and it is a significant issue that
demands attention in the medical community, especially among specialists in
ear, nose, and throat (ENT) care.
In this blog post, we will clearly outline what RCC is, why
it occurs, and the most promising treatments available to those suffering from
relentless coughing.
What is Refractory Chronic Cough?
A chronic cough is defined as one that lasts longer than
eight weeks in adults. For many individuals, it is associated with conditions
such as asthma, allergies, acid reflux, or certain medications. However, there
are instances where the cough continues even after these underlying causes have
been effectively addressed.
It is critical for patients to seek appropriate evaluation
and treatment for this distressing condition.
Why Does RCC Happen?
Coughing is a natural reflex that
helps clear irritants from our airways. However, in RCC, this reflex becomes
overly sensitive, causing a person to cough even when there’s no real need to.
Researchers believe that both the nerves in the throat and the brain’s response
to cough signals play a role in this hypersensitivity. Factors such as airway
inflammation, nerve dysfunction, and central sensitization (similar to chronic
pain conditions) can contribute to RCC. Additionally, exposure to pollutants,
infections, or prior respiratory illnesses can make the airway more susceptible
to developing RCC.
Symptoms and Impact of RCC
People with RCC often experience
persistent coughing fits triggered by talking, laughing, exposure to certain
smells, or temperature changes. The condition can lead to complications such as
voice strain, throat pain, headaches, sleep disturbances, and even urinary
incontinence due to the repetitive pressure from coughing. The social impact
can also be significant, as people may avoid public places due to embarrassment
or discomfort caused by their persistent cough.
New Advances in RCC Treatment
- Neuromodulators – Medications like amitriptyline and gabapentin help calm overactive nerves that trigger chronic coughing. Studies show that these drugs can significantly reduce symptoms in many patients. However, they may cause side effects such as drowsiness and dizziness, so careful dosage adjustments are needed.
- Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN) Block – This involves injecting a local anesthetic and steroid near a key nerve in the throat. It has shown promising results in reducing cough severity and frequency, with some patients experiencing relief lasting several months.
- Behavioral Cough Suppression Therapy (BCST) – Speech therapists teach patients techniques to control their cough reflex, including breathing exercises, vocal hygiene, and habit reversal strategies. Many people experience lasting improvement after therapy. This approach is particularly beneficial because it does not involve medication, making it a safer option for many patients.
- Capsaicin Therapy – Surprisingly, exposure to capsaicin (the compound that makes chili peppers spicy) in controlled doses can help desensitize the cough reflex over time. This method is still being studied, but early results suggest it may be effective in reducing cough hypersensitivity.
- Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) Management – Since acid reflux can contribute to RCC, new treatments like alginate therapy (which forms a protective barrier in the stomach) are being explored alongside traditional acid-reducing medications. Lifestyle changes, such as dietary modifications and avoiding late-night meals, can also help manage reflux-related cough.
- P2X3 Antagonists – A new class of medications targeting the P2X3 receptor, which is involved in the cough reflex, is being studied. Early trials have shown that these drugs may help reduce RCC symptoms, providing another potential treatment avenue.
What This Means for You
Coughing is a natural reflex that helps clear irritants from our airways. However, in RCC, this reflex becomes overly sensitive, causing a person to cough even when there’s no real need to. Researchers believe that both the nerves in the throat and the brain’s response to cough signals play a role in this hypersensitivity. Factors such as airway inflammation, nerve dysfunction, and central sensitization (similar to chronic pain conditions) can contribute to RCC. Additionally, exposure to pollutants, infections, or prior respiratory illnesses can make the airway more susceptible to developing RCC.
People with RCC often experience persistent coughing fits triggered by talking, laughing, exposure to certain smells, or temperature changes. The condition can lead to complications such as voice strain, throat pain, headaches, sleep disturbances, and even urinary incontinence due to the repetitive pressure from coughing. The social impact can also be significant, as people may avoid public places due to embarrassment or discomfort caused by their persistent cough.
The good news is that doctors are finding better ways to treat RCC. Here are some of the latest approaches:
If you or someone you know has a chronic cough that doesn’t improve with standard treatments, it’s important to see a specialist. ENT doctors and pulmonologists (chest physicians) now have a growing range of options to help manage RCC. The key is to undergo a thorough evaluation to rule out underlying conditions and explore the best treatment plan tailored to individual needs.
With ongoing research, treatment for refractory chronic cough is becoming more effective, improving the quality of life for many patients. By spreading awareness about RCC, we can help those affected find the relief they need.
Have you dealt with a persistent cough? Share your experience in the comments below!
Mr Gaurav Kumar
Consultant Ear Nose Throat Surgeon
Book Appointment
07494914140
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